Depression
Depression
Warning signs of depression
Depression may be described as feeling sad, blue, unhappy, miserable, or down in the dumps. Most of us feel this way at one time or another for short periods.
True clinical depression is a mood disorder in which feelings of sadness, loss, anger, or frustration interfere with everyday life for weeks or longer.
In collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO) to mark World Mental Health Day, writer and illustrator Matthew Johnstone tells the story of overcoming the “black dog of depression” via the video on this page.
Causes & risk factors
The exact cause of depression is not known. Many researchers believe it is caused by chemical changes in the brain. This may be due to our genes or triggered by certain stressful events. More than likely, it’s a combination of both.
Some types of depression run in families. But depression can also occur if you have no family history of the illness. Anyone can develop depression, even children.
The following may play a role in depression:
- Alcohol or drug abuse
- Certain medical conditions, including under-active thyroid, cancer, or long-term pain
- Certain medications, such as steroids
- Sleeping problems
- Stressful life events, such as:
+ A relationship breakup
+ Death or illness of someone close to you
+ Divorce
+ Childhood abuse or neglect
+ Job loss
+ Failing a class
+ Social isolation (common in the elderly)
Symptoms
Depression can change or distort the way you see yourself, your life and those around you. People who have depression usually see everything with a more negative attitude. They cannot imagine that any problem or situation can be solved in a positive way.
Symptoms of depression can include:
- Agitation, restlessness and irritability
- Becoming withdrawn or isolated
- Difficulty concentrating
- Dramatic change in appetite, often with weight gain or loss
- Fatigue and lack of energy
- Feelings of hopelessness and helplessness
- Feelings of worthlessness, self-hate and guilt
- Loss of interest or pleasure in activities that were once enjoyed
- Thoughts of death or suicide
- Trouble sleeping or too much sleeping
- Depression can appear as anger and discouragement, rather than feelings of sadness
Treatment
In general, treatments for depression include:
- Talk therapy, called psychotherapy
- Medications called antidepressants
If you have mild depression, you may only need one of these treatments. People with more severe depression usually need a combination of both treatments. It takes time to feel better, but there are usually day-to-day improvements. If you are suicidal or extremely depressed and cannot function, you may need to be treated in a psychiatric hospital.
Complications
People who are depressed are more likely to use alcohol or illegal substances. Complications of depression also include:
- Increased risk of health problems
- Suicide
If you have thoughts of suicide or harming yourself or others, immediately call your local emergency number (such as 911) or go to the hospital emergency room. You may also call a suicide hotline from anywhere in the United States, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week: 1-800-SUICIDE or 1-800-999-9999.
Teen Depression
Warning signs of depression
Your teenage daughter has a tantrum, screaming that no one understands her and that you, her loving parents, are ruining her life, making it not even worth living. Your teenage son tucks himself away in his room, connected to technology, barely surfacing to lay claim to food. How is a parent to know if these are the normal challenges of raising a teen or warning signs that depression is setting in, especially when it appears your child really has nothing to be depressed over?!
Identity formation can add stressors
The teen years bring about a number of physical and physiological changes, which bring with them mood swings and a quest for independence. Social acceptance from peers and forming an identity become developmental milestones that become, perhaps from a parent’s perspective, consuming. Identity formation is multifaceted and can add stressors that may go unnoticed.
While a teen begins to align sense of self with a particular label, with that label comes expectations…
- The athletes must maintain their grueling schedules
- The academics must maintain their 4.0
- Sexual identity may be questioned
- Religious beliefs may be questioned
- Future career or academic paths loom ahead
… and the list continues, all adding to the pressures teens face each day.
Helping prevent teen depression
It is easy enough to Google symptoms of teen depression, which has quite a good explanation, but how should a parent be preventative first and know when to seek support second? Sooner than later is the best rule of thumb, especially given the threat of suicide which is all too real. What is a parent to do?
As prevention, begin to view the teen years as a time for safe exploration of decision making and learning cause and effect. Teens need to believe you have faith in their ability to make choices as well as accept the consequences of their actions. Often parents become hyper guarded at a time when they really need to start letting go. Set boundaries, curfews and expectations with a loving acceptance that such rules are meant to be challenged. Accept that teens will make mistakes. Allow them to figure out how to make things better or solve their problems. Allow them to feel emotional pain, disappointment and exclusion. It’s when these things happen that they need you the most, not as the prevention police.
Listen, reflect, support, share
Teens need empathy, understanding and someone to listen and encourage as they learn to move through the challenges of life to learn the skills they will eventually need as adults. Do not solve their problems for them; have faith that they know what to do, even if they don’t think they do. Look at mistakes as an opportunity for them to learn in the safety of your guardianship rather than once they are out on their own. Tell them you believe in them and their ability to find solutions on their own. Even when you are begging to say “I told you so!,” hold your tongue and respond with an empathetic statement such as “You seem so disappointed in yourself… What do you think you’re going to do now?” Listen. Reflect. Support. Share air. Acknowledge the humanness of their actions. Let them know that its not the failure as much as what comes next that matters. Help the teen figure out whom they want to be.
Signs of depression in adolescents
- Apathy
- Complaints of pains, including headaches, stomachaches, low back pain, or fatigue
- Difficulty concentrating
- Difficulty making decisions
- Excessive or inappropriate guilt
- Irresponsible behavior, (e.g., forgetting obligations, being late for classes, skipping school)
- Loss of interest in food or compulsive overeating that results in rapid weight loss or gain
- Memory loss
- Preoccupation with death and dying
- Rebellious behavior
- Sadness, anxiety, or a feeling of hopelessness
- Staying awake at night and sleeping during the day
- Sudden drop in grades
- Use of alcohol or drugs and promiscuous sexual activity
- Withdrawal from friends
Trust your parental instincts
Teens have so many expectations placed upon them in this era; pressures from all sides pushing and pulling for them to be something in the moment and the future. Accept the few days they tumble and withdraw, scream and cry, but become concerned when the teen you know and love doesn’t bounce back within a week or so. Provide space, yet check in. Trust that parental voice that says “something is off,” and if you can’t figure out what, seek professional support. Look for changes in hygiene, eating habits, motivation and zest for life. Take note when your extrovert becomes sullen and your introvert is suddenly full of energy. Be direct in asking about drugs, alcohol and thoughts of suicide. Be direct, yet concerned. Be calm. Listen to the behavior, rather than the words, as words are easy to fake. Err on the side of caution, as a life is not something you want to wait on to see what happens.